Vascular theories of Migraine
It is the most common Migraine is the most common disabling primary headache globally.
12 percent of migraine are Episodic and 1 - 2 percentage is Chronic.Migraine Attacks are typically present with unilateral throbbing headache and it is associated with following symptoms
- Nausea
- Multisensory Hypersensitivity
- Marked fatigue.
The diverse symptomatology highlights the complexity of migraine as a whole nervous system disorder involving somatosensory, autonomic, endocrine, and arousal networks
Vascular Theory of Aura in Migrane
In Migraine there is Hereditary Susceptibility of Brain. There is Abnormal Intracranial and extra-cranial vascular reactivity to triggers. Aura is followed by Vasoconstriction, ischemia and focal neurological symptoms. Headache is due to Vasodilation and leads to pulsatile headache
What are the Pitfalls in Vascular theory
MRI perfusion study has showed that there is focal hyperemia precedes oligemia during Migraine aura. Perfusion abnormalities need not always match with symptoms of migraine. Oligemia may spread at 3mm/min beyond vascular territory. Headache can occur as that of migraine aura. Vascular theory cannot explain the premonitory phase. There wont be any Diffusion restriction in MRI doesn’t show
Normal Second heart sound (Identify the abnormalities of S2)
The most difficult thing in auscultation is to identify the abnormalities of S2.
Physiology of Second heartsoundTwo components for 2nd heart sound are- aortic and pulmonary
It is a high pitched sound with normal split - 2 components are separately heard during inspiration and as single component during expiration over the pulmonary area.
Distance between the 2 components during inspiration is 0.04 sec, during expiration is 0.02 sec. Human ear can appreciate, when the distance between the 2 components is 0.03 or more. Normal second heart sound is expressed as - normal in intensity and normal split with respiration.
Intensity
Splitting
A2 heard over aortic area and pulmonary area and the apex.
P2 heard over pulmonary area and 2-4 LICS only and not at the apex.
P2 heard over the apex only in pulmonary artery hypertension and in young.
Best site for S2 in COPD - epigastrium.
NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ) criteria for possible PSP
NINDS criteria for possible PSP
- Gradually progressive disorder with onset aged 40 years or older.
- Either vertical supra nuclear palsy or both slowing of vertical saccades and prominent postural instability with falls in the first year of onset.
- No evidence of other diseases that can explain the clinical features.
Criteria for probable PSP
Vertical supranuclear palsy with prominent postural instability, falls in the first year of onset, and other features of possible PSP, as follows:
- Symmetric proximal greater than distal akinesia or rigidity.
- Abnormal neck posture, especially retrocollis.
- Poor or absent response of parkinsonism to levodopa therapy.
- Early dysphagia and dysarthria.
- Early cognitive impairment with at least 2 of the following: apathy, abstract thought impairment, decreased verbal fluency, imitation behavior, or frontal release signs.
Criteria for definite PSP are as follows:
- History of probable or possible PSP.
- Histopathologic evidence that is typical of the disease.
Measurements of abdomen
- Abdominal girth should be measured at the level of umbilicus.
- Periodic measurement is done to assess prognosis in ascites, paralytic ileus.
- Measure the distance between lower end of xiphisternum to umbilicus and from umbilicus to symphysis pubis. Normally umbilicus is in mid position, it is displaced down in ascites, upper abdominal mass, displaced upwards in ovarian or pelvic tumors
- Spinoumbilical measurement - It is the distance between umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spines. Normally they are equidistant. Shift of umbilicus to one side will occur in case of tumors that originating from the other side of the abdomen.
What is Gallop rhythm
3 sounds heard during each cardiac cycle produce triple rhythm
Triple rhythm with sinus tachycardia produce Gallop rhythm imitating the sounds of galloping horse.LV S3 gallop - is an important auscultatory sign of Left ventricular failure.
LVS3 is a sign of systolic dysfunction of ventricle.
Early S3 is heard in RVEMF -this is due to sudden limitation of ventricular filling.
Pericardial knock - An early S3 in constrictive pericarditis as in RV EMF.
S3 gallop is common in:
- Dilated cardiomyopathy.
- Decompensated aortic valve disease.
- Decompensated hypertensive heart disease.
It is heard at LLSB.
Inspiratory augmentation is present.
This is associated with tricuspid regurgitation.
Ventricular gallop S1, S2, S3
Quadruple rhythm is the presence of 4 heart sounds
(S1, S2, S3 and S4).
Summation is the presence of S1,S2 with merged S3 and S4
Causes of Striae over the abdomen
Striae is due to stretching of the abdominal wall that is severe enough to cause rupture of the elastic fibres in the skin and produces pink linear marks with a wrinkled appearance indicates recent change in the size of abdomen.
White striae or striae albicans is seen in
- Obese persons who lost weight suddenly
- Following pregnancy
- Relieving ascites
- Recent or past abdominal distension
- Cushing's syndrome
- Prolonged steroid therapy
Types of continuous murmur
Continuous murmur with cyanosis
- TOF with PDA
- Pulmonary atresia with bronchopulmonary anastomoses
- Pulmonary AVF
- PDA
- Peripheral Pulmonaryartery stenosis
- Broncho pulmonary anastomoses
- Rupture of sinus of Vakalva (RSOV)
- Coronary arteriovenous fistula
- Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA)
- Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula
